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J. Semicond. > 2020, Volume 41?>?Issue 5?> 051203

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The strategies for preparing blue perovskite light-emitting diodes

Jianxun Lu and Zhanhua Wei

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• Institute of Luminescent Materials and Information Displays, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, ChinaInstitute of Luminescent Materials and Information Displays, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China

• Jianxun Lu
• Zhanhua Wei

 Corresponding author: Zhanhua Wei, Email: weizhanhua@hqu.edu.cn

DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/41/5/051203

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Abstract: Metal halide perovskites have attracted tremendous interest due to their excellent optical and electrical properties, and they find many promising applications in the optoelectronic fields of solar cells, light-emitting diodes, and photodetectors. Thanks to the contributions of international researchers, significant progress has been made for perovskite light-emitting diodes (Pero-LEDs). The external quantum efficiencies (EQEs) of Pero-LEDs with emission of green, red, and near-infrared have all exceeded 20%. However, the blue Pero-LEDs still lag due to the poor film quality and deficient device structure. Herein, we summarize the strategies for preparing blue-emitting perovskites and categorize them into two: compositional engineering and size controlling of the emitting units. The advantages and disadvantages of both strategies are discussed, and a perspective of preparing high-performance blue-emitting perovskite is proposed. The challenges and future directions of blue Pero-LEDs fabrication are also discussed.

Key words: perovskite, blue, light-emitting diodes

References

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Fig. 1.  (Color online) Blue-emitting perovskites prepared by composition engineering. (a) Normalized absorbance and (b) photoluminescence of MAPb(Br_1?xCl_x)₃ (0 ≤ x ≤ 1). Reproduced with permission from Ref. [11]. Copyright 2015, American Chemical Society. (c) The curves of electroluminescence of Pero-LEDs based on MAPb(Br_1?xCl_x)₃ (0 ≤ x ≤ 1). Reproduced with permission from Ref. [12]. Copyright 2015, American Chemical Society. (d) UV–vis absorption and steady-state PL spectra of PEA₂(Rb_xCs_1?x)₂Pb₃Br₁₀ (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) perovskites. (e) The PL spectra evolution of PEA₂(Rb_0.6Cs_0.4)₂Pb₃Br₁₀ perovskites after continuous thermal treatment (100 °C) for different times. (f) The EL spectra of Pero-LEDs based on PEA₂(Rb_0.6Cs_0.4)₂Pb₃Br₁₀ perovskites at different voltage bias. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [26]. Copyright 2019 Springer Nature.

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Fig. 2.  (Color online) Blue-emitting perovskites prepared by forming the 2D and quasi-2D structure. (a) Crystal structure of 2-phenylethylammonium lead bromide, (PEA)₂PbBr₄, which is a 2D layered perovskite, and (b) the corresponding PL and EL peaks located at 407 and 410 nm, respectively. The weak EL peak at 375 nm is from TPBi, consistent with its PL (gray curve). Reproduced with permission from Ref. [15]. Copyright 2016, American Chemical Society. (c) The EL spectra of Pero-LEDs based on the quasi-2D perovskites of (EA)₂MA_n?1Pb_nBr_3n+1 (MA : EA = 1 : 0, 1 : 1, and 1 : 1.3 respectively). Reproduced with permission from Ref. [37]. Copyright 2017, American Chemical Society. (d) Schematic of charge carrier cascade in the quasi-2D perovskite of PA₂(CsPbBr₃)_n?1PbBr₄ MQWs, and (e) the EL spectra of corresponding Pero-LEDs under different voltage bias. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [29]. Copyright 2018, Elsevier Ltd. (f) The stable EL spectra of Pero-LED based on quasi-2D perovskite of PEA₂A_n?1Pb_nBr_3n+1 under different voltage bias. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [30]. Copyright 2018 Springer Nature. (g) The diagram of carriers transfer between perovskite quantum wells (2D) and bulk perovskite part (3D), the Cs₄PbBr₆ facilitate carriers centralization. (h) The stability test under 10 mA/cm² of the device with different amounts of Cs₄PbBr₆ additive and the traditional MAPbBr₃ devices, and the EL spectra curves of 0 and 12 h are almost completely coincident. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [31]. Copyright 2018, WILEY-VCH.

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Fig. 3.  (Color online) Blue-emitting perovskites prepared by controlling the size of perovskite crystals. (a) Size-dependent PL spectra and photographs of monodisperse perovskite CsPbBr₃ QDs. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [13]. Copyright 2015, WILEY-VCH. (b) Photographs of CsPbBr₃ NPs dispersion obtained at different temperatures and corresponding UV–vis absorption and PL emission spectra. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [32]. Copyright 2018, Elsevier Ltd. (c) PL (solid lines) and absorption (dashed lines) spectra of CsPbBr₃ NPs colloids for varying NPs thickness. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [14]. Copyright 2018, American Chemical Society. (d) The STEM-HAADF image of a cross-sectional Pero-LEDs based on the ultra-thin perovskite of PBABr_y(Cs_0.7FA_0.3PbBr₃). (e) The corresponding EQE and (f) EL spectra with the operation voltage increasing. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [17]. Copyright 2019, Springer Nature.

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Fig. 4.  (Color online) Blue-emitting perovskites prepared by applying several methods simultaneously. (a) Composition-tunable PL spectra of perovskite CsPbX₃ QDs by adding the different halides. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [13]. Copyright 2015, WILEY-VCH. The EL spectra of Pero-LEDs based on the perovskites of (b) (Rb_0.33Cs_0.67)_0.42FA_0.58PbBr₃ and (c) (Rb_0.33Cs_0.67)_0.42FA_0.58PbBr_1.75Cl_1.25. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [33]. Copyright 2019, The Royal Society of Chemistry. (d) The luminance-bias and (e) EQE-current density curves of CsPbBr₃ : PEACl (1 : 1) devices with different ratios of YCl₃. And (f) the EL spectrum stability test of a Pero-LED based on CsPbBr₃ : PEACl : 2%YCl₃ with continuous bias of 3.2 V for 120 min. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [9]. Copyright 2019 Springer Nature.

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Fig. 5.  (Color online) The recorded EQEs of blue-emitting Pero-LEDs in recent years.

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Table 1.   Performance summary of blue-emitting perovskites and the corresponding Pero-LEDs.

Strategies		Perovskite	PL peak (nm)	EL peak (nm)	Lvmax (cd /m2)	EQEmax (%)	Year	Ref.
Compositional engineering	Film	MAPb(Br1–xClx)3	408–535	475	2	3 * 10–4	2015	Kumawat et al.[11]
	Film	MAPb(Br1–xClx)3	428–543	427–570	–	–	2015	Sadhanala et al.[12]
	Film	Cs10(MA0.17FA0.83)100–xPb- Br1.5Cl1.5	–	475	3567	1.7	2017	Kim et al.[38]
	Film	CsMnyPb1–yBrxCl3–x	–	466	245	2.12	2018	Hou et al.[39]
	Crystal	Cs2SnCl6:Bi	455	–	–	–	2018	Tan et al.[28]
Size control of the emitting units	QDs	CsPbBr3	470–515	–	–	–	2015	Song et al.[13]
	NPs	(PEA)2PbBr4	407	410	–	0.04	2016	Liang et al.[15]
	NPs	2D n(MAPbBr3), n = 1/3/5	436/456/489	432/456/492	1/2/8.5	0.004/0.024/ 0.2	2016	Kumar et al.[16]
	QDs	CsPbBr3	460	–	–	–	2016	Lu et al.[49]
	Film	(EA)2MAn–1PbnBr3n+1	473, 485	473, 485	200	2.6	2017	Wang et al.[37]
	NPs	CsPbBr3	442–459	480	25	0.1	2018	Yang et al.[32]
	Film	PEA2CsPb2Br7@Cs4PbBr6	–	500	3259	4.51	2018	Shang et al.[31]
	Film	PA2(CsPbBr3)n–1PbBr4	425–525	505	~104	3.6	2018	Chen et al.[29]
	NPs	2D CsPbBr3	432–497	464	38	0.057	2018	Bohn et al.[14]
	Film	PEA2An?1PbnBr3n+1	480	490	2480	1.5	2018	Xing et al.[30]
	QDs	CH3NH2PbBr3	440	453	32	–	2018	Zhang et al.[50]
	Film	PEA2Csn?1PbnBr3n+1 @Cs4PbBr6	–	484	45	0.13	2019	Zou et al.[34]
	Film	PA2(CsPbBr3)n?1PbBr4	488	492	4359	1.45	2019	Ren et al.[36]
	NPs	(PEA)2PbBr4	408	410	147.6	0.31	2019	Deng et al.[40]
	Film	PBABry(Cs0.7FA0.3PbBr3)	–	483	54	9.5	2019	Liu et al.[17]
	Film	P-PDA,PEACsn–1PbnBr3n+1	–	465	211	2.6	2019	Yuan et al.[41]
Compositional engineering and Size control of the emitting units	QDs	CsPb(Br1–xClx)3	420–500	455	742	0.07	2015	Song et al.[13]
	NCs	CsPbBr1.5Cl1.5	470	480	8.7	0.0074	2016	Li et al.[42]
	QDs	CsPbBr1.5Cl1.5/ CsPbBr2.4Cl0.6	450/459	445/495	2673/2652	1.38/1.13	2016	Deng et al.[23]
	QDs	CsPb(Br1–xClx)3	–	490	35	1.9	2016	Pan et al.[43]
	QDs	Cs3Bi2Br9	410	–	–	–	2017	Leng et al.[44]
	NCs	CsPbBrxCl3–x	–	469	111	0.5	2018	Gangishetty et al.[22]
	Film	BA2Csn?1Pbn(Br/Cl)3n+1	464/486	465/487	962/3340	2.4/6.2	2018	Vashishtha et al.[45]
	QDs	(Rb0.33Cs0.67)0.42FA0.58- PbBr3/ (Rb0.33Cs0.67)0.42- FA0.58PbBr1.75Cl1.25	500/476	502/466	103/40	3.6/0.61	2018	Meng et al.[33]
	QDs	MA3Bi2(Cl/Br2)9	422	–	–	–	2018	Leng et al.[27]
	Film	PEA2(CsPbBr2.1Cl0.9)n–1Pb- Br4	–	480	3780	5.7	2019	Li et al.[42]
	Film	PEA2(Rb0.6Cs0.4)2Pb3Br10/ PEA2(Rb0.4Cs0.6)2Pb3Br10	–	475/490	–	1.35/1.48	2019	Jiang et al.[26]
	NCs	CsPb(Br/Cl)3	461	463	318	1.2	2019	Ochsenbein et al.[46]
	QDs	RbxCs1–xPbBr3	460–500	490/464	183/63	0.87/0.11	2019	Todorovic et al.[25]
	Film	POEA–CsPbBr1.65Cl1.35	468	468	122.1	0.71	2019	Tan et al.[35]
	Film	CsPbBr3:PEACl:2%YCl3	485	485	9040	11	2019	Wang et al.[9]
	NCs	CsPb(Br/Cl)3	–	477	87	1.96	2020	Yang et al.[47]
	QDs	CsPbCl0.99Br2.01:2.5%NiCl2	–	470	612	2.4	2020	Pan et al.[48]
NPs (nanoplates), NCs (nanocrystals), QDs (quantum dots), MA (methylamine), FA (formamidine), EA (ethylamine), BA (butylamine), PEA (phenylethylamine), PA (propylamine), PBA (phenylbutylammonium), P-PDABr2 (polyammonium bromide [1,4-Bis(aminomethyl)benzene bromide), POEA (2-phenoxyethylamine).

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[1]	Tan Z K, Moghaddam R S, Lai M L, et al. Bright light-emitting diodes based on organometal halide perovskite. Nat Nanotechnol, 2014, 9, 687 doi: 10.1038/nnano.2014.149
[2]	Cho H, Jeong S H, Park M H, et al. Overcoming the electroluminescence efficiency limitations of perovskite light-emitting diodes. Science, 2015, 350, 1222 doi: 10.1126/science.aad1818
[3]	Kim Y H, Cho H, Heo J H, et al. Multicolored organic/inorganic hybrid perovskite light-emitting diodes. Adv Mater, 2015, 27, 1248 doi: 10.1002/adma.201403751
[4]	Wang N, Cheng L, Ge R, et al. Perovskite light-emitting diodes based on solution-processed self-organized multiple quantum wells. Nat Photonics, 2016, 10, 699 doi: 10.1038/nphoton.2016.185
[5]	Yuan M, Quan L N, Comin R, et al. Perovskite energy funnels for efficient light-emitting diodes. Nat Nanotechnol, 2016, 11, 872 doi: 10.1038/nnano.2016.110
[6]	Xu W, Hu Q, Bai S, et al. Rational molecular passivation for high-performance perovskite light-emitting diodes. Nat Photonics, 2019, 13, 418 doi: 10.1038/s41566-019-0390-x
[7]	Lin K, Lu J, Xie L, et al. Perovskite light-emitting diodes with external quantum efficiency exceeding 20 per cent. Nature, 2018, 562, 245 doi: 10.1038/s41586-018-0575-3
[8]	Chiba T, Hayashi Y, Ebe H, et al. Anion-exchange red perovskite quantum dots with ammonium iodine salts for highly efficient light-emitting devices. Nat Photonics, 2018, 12, 681 doi: 10.1038/s41566-018-0260-y
[9]	Wang Q, Wang X, Yang Z, et al. Efficient sky-blue perovskite light-emitting diodes via photoluminescence enhancement. Nat Commun, 2019, 10, 5633 doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-13580-w
[10]	Fang T, Zhang F, Yuan S, et al. Recent advances and prospects toward blue perovskite materials and light-emitting diodes. Informat, 2019, 1, 211 doi: 10.1002/inf2.12019
[11]	Kumawat N K, Dey A, Kumar A, et al. Band gap tuning of CH3NH3Pb(Br(1– x)Cl x)3 hybrid perovskite for blue electroluminescence. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2015, 7, 13119 doi: 10.1021/acsami.5b02159
[12]	Sadhanala A, Ahmad S, Zhao B, et al. Blue-green color tunable solution processable organolead chloride-bromide mixed halide perovskites for optoelectronic applications. Nano Lett, 2015, 15, 6095 doi: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b02369
[13]	Song J, Li J, Li X, et al. Quantum dot light-emitting diodes based on inorganic perovskite cesium lead halides (CsPbX3). Adv Mater, 2015, 27, 7162 doi: 10.1002/adma.201502567
[14]	Bohn B J, Tong Y, Gramlich M, et al. Boosting tunable blue luminescence of halide perovskite nanoplatelets through postsynthetic surface trap repair. Nano Lett, 2018, 18, 5231 doi: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b02190
[15]	Liang D, Peng Y, Fu Y, et al. Color-pure violet-light-emitting diodes based on layered lead halide perovskite nanoplates. ACS Nano, 2016, 10, 6897 doi: 10.1021/acsnano.6b02683
[16]	Kumar S, Jagielski J, Yakunin S, et al. Efficient blue electroluminescence using quantum-confined two-dimensional perovskites. ACS Nano, 2016, 10, 9720 doi: 10.1021/acsnano.6b05775
[17]	Liu Y, Cui J, Du K, et al. Efficient blue light-emitting diodes based on quantum-confined bromide perovskite nanostructures. Nat Photonics, 2019, 13, 760 doi: 10.1038/s41566-019-0505-4
[18]	Tsai H, Nie W, Blancon J C, et al. High-efficiency two-dimensional Ruddlesden-Popper perovskite solar cells. Nature, 2016, 536, 312 doi: 10.1038/nature18306
[19]	Saliba M, Matsui T, Domanski K, et al. Incorporation of rubidium cations into perovskite solar cells improves photovoltaic performance. Science, 2016, 354, 206 doi: 10.1126/science.aah5557
[20]	Bartel C J, Sutton C, Goldsmith B R, et al. New tolerance factor to predict the stability of perovskite oxides and halides. Sci Adv, 2019, 5, eaav0693 doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aav0693
[21]	Peng X G, Manna L, Yang W D, et al. Shape control of CdSe nanocrystals. Nature, 2000, 404, 59 doi: 10.1038/35003535
[22]	Gangishetty M K, Hou S, Quan Q, et al. Reducing architecture limitations for efficient blue perovskite light-emitting diodes. Adv Mater, 2018, 30, e1706226 doi: 10.1002/adma.201706226
[23]	Deng W, Xu X, Zhang X, et al. Organometal halide perovskite quantum dot light-emitting diodes. Adv Funct Mater, 2016, 26, 4797 doi: 10.1002/adfm.201601054
[24]	Elstner M, Porezag D, Jungnickel G, et al. Self-consistent-charge density-functional tight-binding method for simulations of complex materials properties. Phys Rev B, 1998, 58, 7260 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.58.7260
[25]	Todorovi? P, Ma D, Chen B, et al. Spectrally tunable and stable electroluminescence enabled by rubidium doping of CsPbBr3 nanocrystals. Adv Opt Mater, 2019, 7, 1901440 doi: 10.1002/adom.201901440
[26]	Jiang Y, Qin C, Cui M, et al. Spectra stable blue perovskite light-emitting diodes. Nat Commun, 2019, 10, 1868 doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-09794-7
[27]	Leng M, Yang Y, Chen Z, et al. Surface passivation of bismuth-based perovskite variant quantum dots to achieve efficient blue emission. Nano Lett, 2018, 18, 6076 doi: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b03090
[28]	Tan Z, Li J, Zhang C, et al. Highly efficient blue-emitting bi-doped Cs2SnCl6 perovskite variant: photoluminescence induced by impurity doping. Adv Funct Mater, 2018, 28, 1801131 doi: 10.1002/adfm.201801131
[29]	Chen P, Meng Y, Ahmadi M, et al. Charge-transfer versus energy-transfer in quasi-2D perovskite light-emitting diodes. Nano Energy, 2018, 50, 615 doi: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2018.06.008
[30]	Xing J, Zhao Y, Askerka M, et al. Color-stable highly luminescent sky-blue perovskite light-emitting diodes. Nat Commun, 2018, 9, 3541 doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-05909-8
[31]	Shang Y, Li G, Liu W, et al. Quasi-2D Inorganic CsPbBr3 perovskite for efficient and stable light-emitting diodes. Adv Funct Mater, 2018, 28, 1801193 doi: 10.1002/adfm.201801193
[32]	Yang D, Zou Y, Li P, et al. Large-scale synthesis of ultrathin cesium lead bromide perovskite nanoplates with precisely tunable dimensions and their application in blue light-emitting diodes. Nano Energy, 2018, 47, 235 doi: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2018.03.019
[33]	Meng F, Liu X, Cai X, et al. Incorporation of rubidium cations into blue perovskite quantum dot light-emitting diodes via FABr-modified multi-cation hot-injection method. Nanoscale, 2019, 11, 1295 doi: 10.1039/C8NR07907B
[34]	Zou Y, Xu H, Li S, et al. Spectral-stable blue emission from moisture-treated low-dimensional lead bromide-based perovskite films. ACS Photonics, 2019, 6, 1728 doi: 10.1021/acsphotonics.9b00435
[35]	Tan Z, Luo J, Yang L, et al. Spectrally stable ultra-pure blue perovskite light-emitting diodes boosted by square-wave alternating voltage. Adv Opt Mater, 2020, 8, 1901094 doi: 10.1002/adom.201901094
[36]	Ren Z, Xiao X, Ma R, et al. Hole transport bilayer structure for quasi-2D perovskite based blue light-emitting diodes with high brightness and good spectral stability. Adv Funct Mater, 2019, 29, 1905339 doi: 10.1002/adfm.201905339
[37]	Wang Q, Ren J, Peng X F, et al. Efficient sky-blue perovskite light-emitting devices based on ethylammonium bromide induced layered perovskites. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2017, 9, 29901 doi: 10.1021/acsami.7b07458
[38]	Kim H P, Kim J, Kim B S, et al. High-efficiency, blue, green, and near-infrared light-emitting diodes based on triple cation perovskite. Adv Opt Mater, 2017, 5, 1600920 doi: 10.1002/adom.201600920
[39]	Hou S, Gangishetty M K, Quan Q, et al. Efficient blue and white perovskite light-emitting diodes via manganese doping. Joule, 2018, 2, 2421 doi: 10.1016/j.joule.2018.08.005
[40]	Deng W, Jin X, Lv Y, et al. 2D Ruddlesden–Popper perovskite nanoplate based deep-blue light-emitting diodes for light communication. Adv Funct Mater, 2019, 29, 1903861 doi: 10.1002/adfm.201903861
[41]	Yuan S, Wang Z K, Xiao L X, et al. Optimization of low-dimensional components of quasi-2D perovskite films for deep-blue light-emitting diodes. Adv Mater, 2019, 31, e1904319 doi: 10.1002/adma.201904319
[42]	Li G, Rivarola F W R, Davis N J L K, et al. Highly efficient perovskite nanocrystal light-emitting diodes enabled by a universal crosslinking method. Adv Mater, 2016, 28, 3528 doi: 10.1002/adma.201600064
[43]	Pan J, Quan L N, Zhao Y, et al. Highly efficient perovskite-quantum-dot light-emitting diodes by surface engineering. Adv Mater, 2016, 28, 8718 doi: 10.1002/adma.201600784
[44]	Leng M, Yang Y, Zeng K, et al. All-inorganic bismuth-based perovskite quantum dots with bright blue photoluminescence and excellent stability. Adv Funct Mater, 2018, 28, 1704446 doi: 10.1002/adfm.201704446
[45]	Vashishtha P, Ng M, Shivarudraiah S B, et al. High efficiency blue and green light-emitting diodes using ruddlesden-popper inorganic mixed halide perovskites with butylammonium interlayers. Chem Mater, 2019, 31, 83 doi: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.8b02999
[46]	Ochsenbein S T, Krieg F, Shynkarenko Y, et al. Engineering color-stable blue light-emitting diodes with lead halide perovskite nanocrystals. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2019, 11, 21655 doi: 10.1021/acsami.9b02472
[47]	Yang F, Chen H, Zhang R, et al. Efficient and spectrally stable blue perovskite light-emitting diodes based on potassium passivated nanocrystals. Adv Funct Mater, 2020, 30, 1908760 doi: 10.1002/adfm.201908760
[48]	Pan G C, Bai X, Xu W, et al. Bright blue light emission of Ni2+ ions doped CsPbCl xBr3– x perovskite quantum dots enabling efficient light-emitting devices. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2020, 12, 14195 doi: 10.1021/acsami.0c01074
[49]	Lu W, Chen C, Han D, et al. Nonlinear optical properties of colloidal CH3NH3PbBr3 and CsPbBr3 quantum dots: A comparison study using Z-scan technique. Adv Opt Mater, 2016, 4, 1732 doi: 10.1002/adom.201600322
[50]	Zhang F, Xiao C, Li Y, et al. Gram-scale synthesis of blue-emitting CH3NH3PbBr3 quantum dots through phase transfer strategy. Front Chem, 2018, 6, 444 doi: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00444

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Received: 08 March 2020 Revised: 28 March 2020 Online: Accepted Manuscript: 23 April 2020Uncorrected proof: 24 April 2020Published: 13 May 2020

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Article Navigation >  Journal of Semiconductors  > 2020  >  41(5): 051203

Jianxun Lu, Zhanhua Wei. The strategies for preparing blue perovskite light-emitting diodes[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2020, 41(5): 051203. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/41/5/051203 ****J X Lu, Z H Wei, The strategies for preparing blue perovskite light-emitting diodes[J]. J. Semicond., 2020, 41(5): 051203. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/41/5/051203.

Citation:

Jianxun Lu, Zhanhua Wei. The strategies for preparing blue perovskite light-emitting diodes[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2020, 41(5): 051203. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/41/5/051203 **** J X Lu, Z H Wei, The strategies for preparing blue perovskite light-emitting diodes[J]. J. Semicond., 2020, 41(5): 051203. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/41/5/051203.

Jianxun Lu, Zhanhua Wei. The strategies for preparing blue perovskite light-emitting diodes[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2020, 41(5): 051203. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/41/5/051203 ****J X Lu, Z H Wei, The strategies for preparing blue perovskite light-emitting diodes[J]. J. Semicond., 2020, 41(5): 051203. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/41/5/051203.

Citation:

Jianxun Lu, Zhanhua Wei. The strategies for preparing blue perovskite light-emitting diodes[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2020, 41(5): 051203. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/41/5/051203 **** J X Lu, Z H Wei, The strategies for preparing blue perovskite light-emitting diodes[J]. J. Semicond., 2020, 41(5): 051203. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/41/5/051203.

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The strategies for preparing blue perovskite light-emitting diodes

DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/41/5/051203

• Jianxun Lu, 
• Zhanhua Wei

• Institute of Luminescent Materials and Information Displays, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China

More Information

• Corresponding author: Email: weizhanhua@hqu.edu.cn
• Received Date: 2020-03-08
  
• Revised Date: 2020-03-28
• Published Date: 2020-05-01

Abstract

• Abstract

  Metal halide perovskites have attracted tremendous interest due to their excellent optical and electrical properties, and they find many promising applications in the optoelectronic fields of solar cells, light-emitting diodes, and photodetectors. Thanks to the contributions of international researchers, significant progress has been made for perovskite light-emitting diodes (Pero-LEDs). The external quantum efficiencies (EQEs) of Pero-LEDs with emission of green, red, and near-infrared have all exceeded 20%. However, the blue Pero-LEDs still lag due to the poor film quality and deficient device structure. Herein, we summarize the strategies for preparing blue-emitting perovskites and categorize them into two: compositional engineering and size controlling of the emitting units. The advantages and disadvantages of both strategies are discussed, and a perspective of preparing high-performance blue-emitting perovskite is proposed. The challenges and future directions of blue Pero-LEDs fabrication are also discussed.

   

  Keywords:
  • perovskite, 
  • blue, 
  • light-emitting diodes
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References(50)

• References

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• Fig. 1. (Color online) Blue-emitting perovskites prepared by composition engineering. (a) Normalized absorbance and (b) photoluminescence of MAPb(Br_1?xCl_x)₃ (0 ≤ x ≤ 1). Reproduced with permission from Ref. [11]. Copyright 2015, American Chemical Society. (c) The curves of electroluminescence of Pero-LEDs based on MAPb(Br_1?xCl_x)₃ (0 ≤ x ≤ 1). Reproduced with permission from Ref. [12]. Copyright 2015, American Chemical Society. (d) UV–vis absorption and steady-state PL spectra of PEA₂(Rb_xCs_1?x)₂Pb₃Br₁₀ (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) perovskites. (e) The PL spectra evolution of PEA₂(Rb_0.6Cs_0.4)₂Pb₃Br₁₀ perovskites after continuous thermal treatment (100 °C) for different times. (f) The EL spectra of Pero-LEDs based on PEA₂(Rb_0.6Cs_0.4)₂Pb₃Br₁₀ perovskites at different voltage bias. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [26]. Copyright 2019 Springer Nature.
• Fig. 2. (Color online) Blue-emitting perovskites prepared by forming the 2D and quasi-2D structure. (a) Crystal structure of 2-phenylethylammonium lead bromide, (PEA)₂PbBr₄, which is a 2D layered perovskite, and (b) the corresponding PL and EL peaks located at 407 and 410 nm, respectively. The weak EL peak at 375 nm is from TPBi, consistent with its PL (gray curve). Reproduced with permission from Ref. [15]. Copyright 2016, American Chemical Society. (c) The EL spectra of Pero-LEDs based on the quasi-2D perovskites of (EA)₂MA_n?1Pb_nBr_3n+1 (MA : EA = 1 : 0, 1 : 1, and 1 : 1.3 respectively). Reproduced with permission from Ref. [37]. Copyright 2017, American Chemical Society. (d) Schematic of charge carrier cascade in the quasi-2D perovskite of PA₂(CsPbBr₃)_n?1PbBr₄ MQWs, and (e) the EL spectra of corresponding Pero-LEDs under different voltage bias. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [29]. Copyright 2018, Elsevier Ltd. (f) The stable EL spectra of Pero-LED based on quasi-2D perovskite of PEA₂A_n?1Pb_nBr_3n+1 under different voltage bias. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [30]. Copyright 2018 Springer Nature. (g) The diagram of carriers transfer between perovskite quantum wells (2D) and bulk perovskite part (3D), the Cs₄PbBr₆ facilitate carriers centralization. (h) The stability test under 10 mA/cm² of the device with different amounts of Cs₄PbBr₆ additive and the traditional MAPbBr₃ devices, and the EL spectra curves of 0 and 12 h are almost completely coincident. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [31]. Copyright 2018, WILEY-VCH.
• Fig. 3. (Color online) Blue-emitting perovskites prepared by controlling the size of perovskite crystals. (a) Size-dependent PL spectra and photographs of monodisperse perovskite CsPbBr₃ QDs. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [13]. Copyright 2015, WILEY-VCH. (b) Photographs of CsPbBr₃ NPs dispersion obtained at different temperatures and corresponding UV–vis absorption and PL emission spectra. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [32]. Copyright 2018, Elsevier Ltd. (c) PL (solid lines) and absorption (dashed lines) spectra of CsPbBr₃ NPs colloids for varying NPs thickness. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [14]. Copyright 2018, American Chemical Society. (d) The STEM-HAADF image of a cross-sectional Pero-LEDs based on the ultra-thin perovskite of PBABr_y(Cs_0.7FA_0.3PbBr₃). (e) The corresponding EQE and (f) EL spectra with the operation voltage increasing. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [17]. Copyright 2019, Springer Nature.
• Fig. 4. (Color online) Blue-emitting perovskites prepared by applying several methods simultaneously. (a) Composition-tunable PL spectra of perovskite CsPbX₃ QDs by adding the different halides. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [13]. Copyright 2015, WILEY-VCH. The EL spectra of Pero-LEDs based on the perovskites of (b) (Rb_0.33Cs_0.67)_0.42FA_0.58PbBr₃ and (c) (Rb_0.33Cs_0.67)_0.42FA_0.58PbBr_1.75Cl_1.25. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [33]. Copyright 2019, The Royal Society of Chemistry. (d) The luminance-bias and (e) EQE-current density curves of CsPbBr₃ : PEACl (1 : 1) devices with different ratios of YCl₃. And (f) the EL spectrum stability test of a Pero-LED based on CsPbBr₃ : PEACl : 2%YCl₃ with continuous bias of 3.2 V for 120 min. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [9]. Copyright 2019 Springer Nature.
• Fig. 5. (Color online) The recorded EQEs of blue-emitting Pero-LEDs in recent years.