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J. Semicond. > 2017, Volume 38?>?Issue 7?> 074005

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SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES

Broad area quantum cascade lasers operating in pulsed mode above 100 ℃ at λ~4.7μm

Yue Zhao^{1, 2, 3}, Fangliang Yan^{1, 2, 3}, Jinchuan Zhang^{1, 2, 3,} , Fengqi Liu^{1, 2, 3,} , Ning Zhuo^{1, 2, 3}, Junqi Liu^{1, 2, 3}, Lijun Wang^{1, 2, 3} and Zhanguo Wang^{1, 2, 3}

+ Author Affiliations + Find other works by these authors

• 1. Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials Science, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, ChinaKey Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials Science, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
• 2. College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, ChinaCollege of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
• 3. Beijing Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Semiconductor Materials and Devices, Beijing 100083, ChinaBeijing Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Semiconductor Materials and Devices, Beijing 100083, China

• Yue Zhao
• Fangliang Yan
• Jinchuan Zhang
• Fengqi Liu
• Ning Zhuo
• Junqi Liu
• Lijun Wang
• Zhanguo Wang

 Corresponding author: Jinchuan Zhang, Email: zhangjinchuan@semi.ac.cn; Fengqi Liu, Email: fqliu@semi.ac.cn

DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/38/7/074005

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Abstract: We demonstrate a broad area (400 μm) high power quantum cascade laser (QCL). A total peak power of 62 W operating at room temperature is achieved at λ~4.7 μm. The temperature dependence of the peak power characteristic is given in the experiment, and also the temperature of the active zone is simulated by a finite-element-method (FEM). We find that the interface roughness of the active core has a great effect on the temperature of the active zone and can be enormously improved using the solid source molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) growth system.

Key words: high peak power, quantum cascade laser, interface roughness

References

[1]	Faist J, Capasso F, Sivco D L, et al. Quantum cascade laser. Science, 1994, 264(5158): 553 doi: 10.1126/science.264.5158.553
[2]	Beck M, Hofstetter D, Aellen T, et al. Continuous wave operation of a mid-infrared semiconductor laser at room temperature. Science, 2002, 295(5553): 301 doi: 10.1126/science.1066408
[3]	Evans A, Yu J S, Slivken S, et al. Continuous-wave operation of λ ~ 4.8 μ m quantum-cascade lasers at room temperature. Appl Phys Lett, 2004, 85(12): 2166 doi: 10.1063/1.1793340
[4]	Zhang J C, Liu F Q, Tan S, et al. High-performance uncooled distributed-feedback quantum cascade laser without lateral regrowth. Appl Phys Lett, 2012, 100(11): 112105 doi: 10.1063/1.3693425
[5]	Bai Y, Slivken S, Darvish S R, et al. High power broad area quantum cascade lasers. Appl Phys Lett, 2009, 95(22): 221104 doi: 10.1063/1.3270043
[6]	Kosterev A, Wysocki G, Bakhirkin Y, et al. Application of quantum cascade lasers to trace gas analysis. Appl Phys B, 2008, 90(2):165 doi: 10.1007/s00340-007-2846-9
[7]	Nelson D D, Shorter J H, Mcmanus J B, et al. Sub-part-per-billion detection of nitric oxide in air using a thermoelectrically cooled mid-infrared quantum cascade laser spectrometer. Appl Phys B, 2002, 75(2): 343 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225495477_Sub-part-per-billion_detection_of_nitric_oxide_in_air_using_a_thermoelectrically_cooled_mid-infrared_quantum_cascade_laser_spectrometer?ev=auth_pub
[8]	Yu J S, Evans A, Slivken S, et al. Temperature dependent characteristics of λ ~ 3.8 μm room-temperature continuous-wave quantum-cascade lasers. Appl Phys Lett, 2006, 88(25): 251118 doi: 10.1063/1.2216024
[9]	De Naurois G M, Simozrag B, Maisons G, et al. High thermal performance of μ -stripes quantum cascade laser. Appl Phys Lett, 2012, 101(4): 041113 doi: 10.1063/1.4739004
[10]	Lops A, Spagnolo V, Scamarcio G. Thermal modeling of GaIn-As/AlInAs, quantum cascade lasers. J Appl Phys, 2006, 100(4): 043109 doi: 10.1063/1.2222074
[11]	Martínmartín A, I?iguez P, Jiménez J, et al. Role of the thermal boundary resistance of the quantum well interfaces on the degradation of high power laser diodes. J Appl Phys, 2011, 110(3): 033113 doi: 10.1063/1.3622508
[12]	Zhang Q, Liu F Q, Zhang W, et al. Thermal induced facet destructive feature of quantum cascade lasers. Appl Phys Lett, 2010, 96(14): 141117 doi: 10.1063/1.3385159
[13]	Faist J, Capasso F, Sirtori C, et al. Continuous-wave operation of a vertical transition quantum cascade laser above T= 80 K. Appl Phys Lett, 1995, 67(21): 3057 doi: 10.1063/1.114863
[14]	Liu F Q, Ding D, Bo X, et al. Strain-compensated quantum cascade lasers operating at room temperature. J Cryst Growth, 2000, 250(s3-4): 439 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/256745349_Realization_of_quantum_cascade_laser_operating_at_room_temperature
[15]	Duquesne J Y. Thermal conductivity of semiconductor superlattices: experimental study of interface scattering. Phys Rev B, 2009, 79(15): 897 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/45876853_Thermal_conductivity_of_semiconductor_superlattices_Experimental_study_of_interface_scattering
[16]	Capinski W S, Maris H J, Ruf T, et al. Thermal-conductivity measurements of GaAs/AlAs superlattices using a picosecond optical pump-and-probe technique. Phys Rev B, 1999, 59(12): 8105 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.59.8105
[17]	Yang B, Chen G. Partially coherent phonon heat conduction in superlattices. Phys Rev B, 2003, 67(19): 195331 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.67.195331
[18]	Spagnolo V, Lops A, Scamarcio G, et al. Improved thermal management of mid-IR quantum cascade laser. J Appl Phys, 2008, 103(4): 043103 doi: 10.1063/1.2840136
[19]	Termentzidis K, Chantrenne P, Keblinski P. Nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulation of the in-plane thermal conductivity of superlattices with rough interfaces. Phys Rev, 2009, 79(21): 214307 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.79.214307
[20]	Daly B C, Maris H J, Imamura K, et al. Molecular dynamics calculation of the thermal conductivity of superlattices. Phys Rev B, 2002, 66(2): 626 http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Brian_Daly/publication/243435232_Molecular_dynamics_calculation_of_the_thermal_conductivity_of_superlattices/links/0deec53187aaa026e5000000.pdf?disableCoverPage=true
[21]	Hofstetter D, Beck M, Aellen T, et al. High-temperature operation of distributed feedback quantum-cascade lasers at 5.3 μ m. Appl Phys Lett, 2001, 78(4): 396 doi: 10.1063/1.1340865
[22]	Zhang J, Liu F, Wang L, et al. High performance surface grating distributed feedback quantum cascade laser. IEEE Photonics Technol Lett, 2013, 25(7): 686 doi: 10.1109/LPT.2013.2248081
[23]	Liu F Q, Li L, Wang L, et al. Solid source MBE growth of quantum cascade lasers. Appl Phys A, 2009, 97(3): 527 doi: 10.1007/s00339-009-5423-8
[24]	Bandyopadhyay N, Bai Y, Gokden B, et al. Watt level performance of quantum cascade lasers in room temperature continuous wave operation at λ ~ 3.76 μ m. Appl Phys Lett, 2010, 97(13): 1117
[25]	Bandyopadhyay N, Slivken S, Bai Y, et al. High power, continuous wave, room temperature operation of λ ~ 3.4 μ m and λ ~ 3.55 μ m InP-based quantum cascade lasers. Appl Phys Lett, 2012, 100(21): 212104 doi: 10.1063/1.4719110
[26]	Bandyopadhyay N, Bai Y, Tsao S, et al. Room temperature continuous wave operation of λ ~ 3-3.2 μ m quantum cascade lasers. Appl Phys Lett, 2012, 101(24): 241110 doi: 10.1063/1.4769038

Fig. 1.  The calculated maximum temperature of device with different in-plane and cross-plane conductivity combinations. The value of 1.0 on the thermal conductivity (k_⊥) axis means 1.0 × k_⊥, while values on the axis of (k_//) have the same meaning.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

Fig. 2.  (Color online) X-ray diffraction pattern and simulation of a 30-periods, strain-balanced QCL. The simulation was performed using the Phillips X'Pert Software. The satellite peaks have excellent periodicity and an FWHM of 8-12 arcsec.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

Fig. 3.  (Color online) Light-current-voltage curves in different heatsink temperature. The device has a cavity length of 4 mm and it is epilayer-down bonded to SiC submount, which is then second-bonded on copper heatsinks. Device facets were left uncoated and the output power was collected from one facet and doubled to give the total. The applied pulsed width is 400 ns and the repetition frequency is 5 kHz.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

Fig. 4.  Threshold current density and WPE as a function of temperature for the same device. The dashed curves are exponential fit to the threshold current density with J_th(T) = J₀ exp (T/T₀). The fitting parameters are J₀ = 0.423 kA/cm², T₀ = 192 K.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

[1]	Faist J, Capasso F, Sivco D L, et al. Quantum cascade laser. Science, 1994, 264(5158): 553 doi: 10.1126/science.264.5158.553
[2]	Beck M, Hofstetter D, Aellen T, et al. Continuous wave operation of a mid-infrared semiconductor laser at room temperature. Science, 2002, 295(5553): 301 doi: 10.1126/science.1066408
[3]	Evans A, Yu J S, Slivken S, et al. Continuous-wave operation of λ ~ 4.8 μ m quantum-cascade lasers at room temperature. Appl Phys Lett, 2004, 85(12): 2166 doi: 10.1063/1.1793340
[4]	Zhang J C, Liu F Q, Tan S, et al. High-performance uncooled distributed-feedback quantum cascade laser without lateral regrowth. Appl Phys Lett, 2012, 100(11): 112105 doi: 10.1063/1.3693425
[5]	Bai Y, Slivken S, Darvish S R, et al. High power broad area quantum cascade lasers. Appl Phys Lett, 2009, 95(22): 221104 doi: 10.1063/1.3270043
[6]	Kosterev A, Wysocki G, Bakhirkin Y, et al. Application of quantum cascade lasers to trace gas analysis. Appl Phys B, 2008, 90(2):165 doi: 10.1007/s00340-007-2846-9
[7]	Nelson D D, Shorter J H, Mcmanus J B, et al. Sub-part-per-billion detection of nitric oxide in air using a thermoelectrically cooled mid-infrared quantum cascade laser spectrometer. Appl Phys B, 2002, 75(2): 343 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225495477_Sub-part-per-billion_detection_of_nitric_oxide_in_air_using_a_thermoelectrically_cooled_mid-infrared_quantum_cascade_laser_spectrometer?ev=auth_pub
[8]	Yu J S, Evans A, Slivken S, et al. Temperature dependent characteristics of λ ~ 3.8 μm room-temperature continuous-wave quantum-cascade lasers. Appl Phys Lett, 2006, 88(25): 251118 doi: 10.1063/1.2216024
[9]	De Naurois G M, Simozrag B, Maisons G, et al. High thermal performance of μ -stripes quantum cascade laser. Appl Phys Lett, 2012, 101(4): 041113 doi: 10.1063/1.4739004
[10]	Lops A, Spagnolo V, Scamarcio G. Thermal modeling of GaIn-As/AlInAs, quantum cascade lasers. J Appl Phys, 2006, 100(4): 043109 doi: 10.1063/1.2222074
[11]	Martínmartín A, I?iguez P, Jiménez J, et al. Role of the thermal boundary resistance of the quantum well interfaces on the degradation of high power laser diodes. J Appl Phys, 2011, 110(3): 033113 doi: 10.1063/1.3622508
[12]	Zhang Q, Liu F Q, Zhang W, et al. Thermal induced facet destructive feature of quantum cascade lasers. Appl Phys Lett, 2010, 96(14): 141117 doi: 10.1063/1.3385159
[13]	Faist J, Capasso F, Sirtori C, et al. Continuous-wave operation of a vertical transition quantum cascade laser above T= 80 K. Appl Phys Lett, 1995, 67(21): 3057 doi: 10.1063/1.114863
[14]	Liu F Q, Ding D, Bo X, et al. Strain-compensated quantum cascade lasers operating at room temperature. J Cryst Growth, 2000, 250(s3-4): 439 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/256745349_Realization_of_quantum_cascade_laser_operating_at_room_temperature
[15]	Duquesne J Y. Thermal conductivity of semiconductor superlattices: experimental study of interface scattering. Phys Rev B, 2009, 79(15): 897 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/45876853_Thermal_conductivity_of_semiconductor_superlattices_Experimental_study_of_interface_scattering
[16]	Capinski W S, Maris H J, Ruf T, et al. Thermal-conductivity measurements of GaAs/AlAs superlattices using a picosecond optical pump-and-probe technique. Phys Rev B, 1999, 59(12): 8105 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.59.8105
[17]	Yang B, Chen G. Partially coherent phonon heat conduction in superlattices. Phys Rev B, 2003, 67(19): 195331 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.67.195331
[18]	Spagnolo V, Lops A, Scamarcio G, et al. Improved thermal management of mid-IR quantum cascade laser. J Appl Phys, 2008, 103(4): 043103 doi: 10.1063/1.2840136
[19]	Termentzidis K, Chantrenne P, Keblinski P. Nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulation of the in-plane thermal conductivity of superlattices with rough interfaces. Phys Rev, 2009, 79(21): 214307 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.79.214307
[20]	Daly B C, Maris H J, Imamura K, et al. Molecular dynamics calculation of the thermal conductivity of superlattices. Phys Rev B, 2002, 66(2): 626 http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Brian_Daly/publication/243435232_Molecular_dynamics_calculation_of_the_thermal_conductivity_of_superlattices/links/0deec53187aaa026e5000000.pdf?disableCoverPage=true
[21]	Hofstetter D, Beck M, Aellen T, et al. High-temperature operation of distributed feedback quantum-cascade lasers at 5.3 μ m. Appl Phys Lett, 2001, 78(4): 396 doi: 10.1063/1.1340865
[22]	Zhang J, Liu F, Wang L, et al. High performance surface grating distributed feedback quantum cascade laser. IEEE Photonics Technol Lett, 2013, 25(7): 686 doi: 10.1109/LPT.2013.2248081
[23]	Liu F Q, Li L, Wang L, et al. Solid source MBE growth of quantum cascade lasers. Appl Phys A, 2009, 97(3): 527 doi: 10.1007/s00339-009-5423-8
[24]	Bandyopadhyay N, Bai Y, Gokden B, et al. Watt level performance of quantum cascade lasers in room temperature continuous wave operation at λ ~ 3.76 μ m. Appl Phys Lett, 2010, 97(13): 1117
[25]	Bandyopadhyay N, Slivken S, Bai Y, et al. High power, continuous wave, room temperature operation of λ ~ 3.4 μ m and λ ~ 3.55 μ m InP-based quantum cascade lasers. Appl Phys Lett, 2012, 100(21): 212104 doi: 10.1063/1.4719110
[26]	Bandyopadhyay N, Bai Y, Tsao S, et al. Room temperature continuous wave operation of λ ~ 3-3.2 μ m quantum cascade lasers. Appl Phys Lett, 2012, 101(24): 241110 doi: 10.1063/1.4769038

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Received: 26 December 2016 Revised: 17 January 2017 Online: Published: 01 July 2017

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Article Navigation >  Journal of Semiconductors  > 2017  >  38(7): 074005

Yue Zhao, Fangliang Yan, Jinchuan Zhang, Fengqi Liu, Ning Zhuo, Junqi Liu, Lijun Wang, Zhanguo Wang. Broad area quantum cascade lasers operating in pulsed mode above 100 ℃ at λ~4.7μm[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2017, 38(7): 074005. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/38/7/074005 ****Y Zhao, F L Yan, J C Zhang, F Q Liu, N Zhuo, J Q Liu, L J Wang, Z G Wang. Broad area quantum cascade lasers operating in pulsed mode above 100 ℃ at λ~4.7μm[J]. J. Semicond., 2017, 38(7): 074005. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/38/7/074005.

Citation:

Yue Zhao, Fangliang Yan, Jinchuan Zhang, Fengqi Liu, Ning Zhuo, Junqi Liu, Lijun Wang, Zhanguo Wang. Broad area quantum cascade lasers operating in pulsed mode above 100 ℃ at λ~4.7μm[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2017, 38(7): 074005. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/38/7/074005 **** Y Zhao, F L Yan, J C Zhang, F Q Liu, N Zhuo, J Q Liu, L J Wang, Z G Wang. Broad area quantum cascade lasers operating in pulsed mode above 100 ℃ at λ~4.7μm[J]. J. Semicond., 2017, 38(7): 074005. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/38/7/074005.

Yue Zhao, Fangliang Yan, Jinchuan Zhang, Fengqi Liu, Ning Zhuo, Junqi Liu, Lijun Wang, Zhanguo Wang. Broad area quantum cascade lasers operating in pulsed mode above 100 ℃ at λ~4.7μm[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2017, 38(7): 074005. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/38/7/074005 ****Y Zhao, F L Yan, J C Zhang, F Q Liu, N Zhuo, J Q Liu, L J Wang, Z G Wang. Broad area quantum cascade lasers operating in pulsed mode above 100 ℃ at λ~4.7μm[J]. J. Semicond., 2017, 38(7): 074005. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/38/7/074005.

Citation:

Yue Zhao, Fangliang Yan, Jinchuan Zhang, Fengqi Liu, Ning Zhuo, Junqi Liu, Lijun Wang, Zhanguo Wang. Broad area quantum cascade lasers operating in pulsed mode above 100 ℃ at λ~4.7μm[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2017, 38(7): 074005. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/38/7/074005 **** Y Zhao, F L Yan, J C Zhang, F Q Liu, N Zhuo, J Q Liu, L J Wang, Z G Wang. Broad area quantum cascade lasers operating in pulsed mode above 100 ℃ at λ~4.7μm[J]. J. Semicond., 2017, 38(7): 074005. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/38/7/074005.

PDF( 1090 KB)

Broad area quantum cascade lasers operating in pulsed mode above 100 ℃ at λ~4.7μm

DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/38/7/074005

• Yue Zhao^1,2,3, 
• Fangliang Yan^1,2,3, 
• Jinchuan Zhang^1,2,3,  , 
• Fengqi Liu^1,2,3,  , 
• Ning Zhuo^1,2,3, 
• Junqi Liu^1,2,3, 
• Lijun Wang^1,2,3, 
• Zhanguo Wang^1,2,3

• 1.

  Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials Science, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China

• 2.

  College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

• 3.

  Beijing Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Semiconductor Materials and Devices, Beijing 100083, China

Funds:

National Natural Science Foundation of China 61574136

National Natural Science Foundation of China 61404131

Project supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (No. 2013CB632801), the National Key Research and Development Program (No. 2016YFB0402303), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 61435014, 61627822, 61574136, 61306058, 61404131), the Key Projects of Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. ZDRW-XH-20164), and the Beijing Natural Science Foundation (No. 4162060)

Key Projects of Chinese Academy of Sciences ZDRW-XH-20164

National Natural Science Foundation of China 61435014

National Natural Science Foundation of China 61306058

Beijing Natural Science Foundation 4162060

National Natural Science Foundation of China 61627822

Project supported by the National Basic Research Program of China 2013CB632801

National Key Research and Development Program 2016YFB0402303

More Information

• Corresponding author: Jinchuan Zhang, Email: zhangjinchuan@semi.ac.cn; Fengqi Liu, Email: fqliu@semi.ac.cn
• Received Date: 2016-12-26
  
• Revised Date: 2017-01-17
• Published Date: 2017-07-01

Abstract

• Abstract

  We demonstrate a broad area (400 μm) high power quantum cascade laser (QCL). A total peak power of 62 W operating at room temperature is achieved at λ~4.7 μm. The temperature dependence of the peak power characteristic is given in the experiment, and also the temperature of the active zone is simulated by a finite-element-method (FEM). We find that the interface roughness of the active core has a great effect on the temperature of the active zone and can be enormously improved using the solid source molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) growth system.

   

  Keywords:
  • high peak power, 
  • quantum cascade laser, 
  • interface roughness
FullText(HTML)
References(26)

• References

  [1]	Faist J, Capasso F, Sivco D L, et al. Quantum cascade laser. Science, 1994, 264(5158): 553 doi: 10.1126/science.264.5158.553
  [2]	Beck M, Hofstetter D, Aellen T, et al. Continuous wave operation of a mid-infrared semiconductor laser at room temperature. Science, 2002, 295(5553): 301 doi: 10.1126/science.1066408
  [3]	Evans A, Yu J S, Slivken S, et al. Continuous-wave operation of λ ~ 4.8 μ m quantum-cascade lasers at room temperature. Appl Phys Lett, 2004, 85(12): 2166 doi: 10.1063/1.1793340
  [4]	Zhang J C, Liu F Q, Tan S, et al. High-performance uncooled distributed-feedback quantum cascade laser without lateral regrowth. Appl Phys Lett, 2012, 100(11): 112105 doi: 10.1063/1.3693425
  [5]	Bai Y, Slivken S, Darvish S R, et al. High power broad area quantum cascade lasers. Appl Phys Lett, 2009, 95(22): 221104 doi: 10.1063/1.3270043
  [6]	Kosterev A, Wysocki G, Bakhirkin Y, et al. Application of quantum cascade lasers to trace gas analysis. Appl Phys B, 2008, 90(2):165 doi: 10.1007/s00340-007-2846-9
  [7]	Nelson D D, Shorter J H, Mcmanus J B, et al. Sub-part-per-billion detection of nitric oxide in air using a thermoelectrically cooled mid-infrared quantum cascade laser spectrometer. Appl Phys B, 2002, 75(2): 343 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225495477_Sub-part-per-billion_detection_of_nitric_oxide_in_air_using_a_thermoelectrically_cooled_mid-infrared_quantum_cascade_laser_spectrometer?ev=auth_pub
  [8]	Yu J S, Evans A, Slivken S, et al. Temperature dependent characteristics of λ ~ 3.8 μm room-temperature continuous-wave quantum-cascade lasers. Appl Phys Lett, 2006, 88(25): 251118 doi: 10.1063/1.2216024
  [9]	De Naurois G M, Simozrag B, Maisons G, et al. High thermal performance of μ -stripes quantum cascade laser. Appl Phys Lett, 2012, 101(4): 041113 doi: 10.1063/1.4739004
  [10]	Lops A, Spagnolo V, Scamarcio G. Thermal modeling of GaIn-As/AlInAs, quantum cascade lasers. J Appl Phys, 2006, 100(4): 043109 doi: 10.1063/1.2222074
  [11]	Martínmartín A, I?iguez P, Jiménez J, et al. Role of the thermal boundary resistance of the quantum well interfaces on the degradation of high power laser diodes. J Appl Phys, 2011, 110(3): 033113 doi: 10.1063/1.3622508
  [12]	Zhang Q, Liu F Q, Zhang W, et al. Thermal induced facet destructive feature of quantum cascade lasers. Appl Phys Lett, 2010, 96(14): 141117 doi: 10.1063/1.3385159
  [13]	Faist J, Capasso F, Sirtori C, et al. Continuous-wave operation of a vertical transition quantum cascade laser above T= 80 K. Appl Phys Lett, 1995, 67(21): 3057 doi: 10.1063/1.114863
  [14]	Liu F Q, Ding D, Bo X, et al. Strain-compensated quantum cascade lasers operating at room temperature. J Cryst Growth, 2000, 250(s3-4): 439 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/256745349_Realization_of_quantum_cascade_laser_operating_at_room_temperature
  [15]	Duquesne J Y. Thermal conductivity of semiconductor superlattices: experimental study of interface scattering. Phys Rev B, 2009, 79(15): 897 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/45876853_Thermal_conductivity_of_semiconductor_superlattices_Experimental_study_of_interface_scattering
  [16]	Capinski W S, Maris H J, Ruf T, et al. Thermal-conductivity measurements of GaAs/AlAs superlattices using a picosecond optical pump-and-probe technique. Phys Rev B, 1999, 59(12): 8105 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.59.8105
  [17]	Yang B, Chen G. Partially coherent phonon heat conduction in superlattices. Phys Rev B, 2003, 67(19): 195331 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.67.195331
  [18]	Spagnolo V, Lops A, Scamarcio G, et al. Improved thermal management of mid-IR quantum cascade laser. J Appl Phys, 2008, 103(4): 043103 doi: 10.1063/1.2840136
  [19]	Termentzidis K, Chantrenne P, Keblinski P. Nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulation of the in-plane thermal conductivity of superlattices with rough interfaces. Phys Rev, 2009, 79(21): 214307 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.79.214307
  [20]	Daly B C, Maris H J, Imamura K, et al. Molecular dynamics calculation of the thermal conductivity of superlattices. Phys Rev B, 2002, 66(2): 626 http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Brian_Daly/publication/243435232_Molecular_dynamics_calculation_of_the_thermal_conductivity_of_superlattices/links/0deec53187aaa026e5000000.pdf?disableCoverPage=true
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• Fig. 1. The calculated maximum temperature of device with different in-plane and cross-plane conductivity combinations. The value of 1.0 on the thermal conductivity (k_⊥) axis means 1.0 × k_⊥, while values on the axis of (k_//) have the same meaning.
• Fig. 2. (Color online) X-ray diffraction pattern and simulation of a 30-periods, strain-balanced QCL. The simulation was performed using the Phillips X'Pert Software. The satellite peaks have excellent periodicity and an FWHM of 8-12 arcsec.
• Fig. 3. (Color online) Light-current-voltage curves in different heatsink temperature. The device has a cavity length of 4 mm and it is epilayer-down bonded to SiC submount, which is then second-bonded on copper heatsinks. Device facets were left uncoated and the output power was collected from one facet and doubled to give the total. The applied pulsed width is 400 ns and the repetition frequency is 5 kHz.
• Fig. 4. Threshold current density and WPE as a function of temperature for the same device. The dashed curves are exponential fit to the threshold current density with J_th(T) = J₀ exp (T/T₀). The fitting parameters are J₀ = 0.423 kA/cm², T₀ = 192 K.