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J. Semicond. > 2022, Volume 43?>?Issue 10?> 101301

REVIEWS

Organic electro-optic polymer materials and organic-based hybrid electro-optic modulators

Yan Wang1, Tongtong Liu1, Jiangyi Liu1, Chuanbo Li1, Zhuo Chen2, and Shuhui Bo1,

+ Author Affiliations

 Corresponding author: Zhuo Chen, chenzhuo@mail.ipc.ac.cn; Shuhui Bo, boshuhui@muc.edu.cn

DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/43/10/101301

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Abstract: High performance electro-optic modulator, as the key device of integrated ultra-wideband optical systems, have become the focus of research. Meanwhile, the organic-based hybrid electro-optic modulators, which make full use of the advantages of organic electro-optic (OEO) materials (e.g. high electro-optic coefficient, fast response speed, high bandwidth, easy processing/integration and low cost) have attracted considerable attention. In this paper, we introduce a series of high-performance OEO materials that exhibit good properties in electro-optic activity and thermal stability. In addition, the recent progress of organic-based hybrid electro-optic devices is reviewed, including photonic crystal-organic hybrid (PCOH), silicon-organic hybrid (SOH) and plasmonic-organic hybrid (POH) modulators. A high-performance integrated optical platform based on OEO materials is a promising solution for growing high speeds and low power consumption in compact sizes.

Key words: organic electro-optic materials, modulator, organic-based hybrid modulator, heterogeneous integration



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Fig. 1.  EO chromophores with stronger electron-donors.

Fig. 2.  High performance chromophores for neat film poling.

Fig. 3.  (Color online) (a) Chemical structure for chromophores HLD1, HLD2, cross-linker C1, and polymer P1. (b) Temporal stability of the poled films HLD1/HLD2, HLD2/C1, HLD2/P1, JRD1/APC, and JRD1/PMMA at the curing temperature of 85 °C. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [27]. Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society.

Fig. 4.  (Color online) (a) Schematic of the slot-photonic crystal slow-light phase modulator and dominant electric field component Ex at quasi-TE mode. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [70], Copyright 2008, The Optical Society. (b) Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the fabricated device. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [73], Copyright 2016, The Optical Society.

Fig. 5.  (Color online) (a) The SOH phase modulator with an SiO2 film on top of the silicon strips which cover with the gate electrode. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [74]. Copyright 2011, Optical Society of America. (b) 100 GHz SOH phase modulator. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [10]. Copyright 2014, Nature Publishing Group. (c) Ultra-low half-wave voltage of 0.21 V SOH MZM. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [34]. Copyright 2018, Optical Society of America. (d) Capacitivity coupled SOH MZM with high-κ slotlines. Reproduced with permission from Ref.[75]. Copyright 2021, Optical Society of America. (e) High-temperature-resistant SOH MZM working up to 200 Gbit/s over 100 °C. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [77]. Copyright 2020, Nature Publishing Group. (f) The structure of SOH MZM by optimizing the strip-to-slot mode converter. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [78]. Copyright 2020, Optics and Precision Engineering.

Fig. 6.  (Color online) (a) The relative size of all-organic, SOH and POH modulator. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [1]. Copyright 2017, American Chemical Society. (b) Variation of halfwave voltage (Vπ) with electrode length/device length (L) for various types of devices. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [79]. Copyright 2021, American Chemical Society. (c) Comparison measured (symbols) and computationally predicted (lines) VπL values for JRD1, DLD164, and BAH13 organic OEO materials at 1550 nm in a POH MZM. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [69]. Copyright 2022, Royal Society of Chemistry.

Fig. 7.  (Color online) (a) A high-speed POH phase modulator designed and fabricated. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [11]. Copyright 2014, Nature Publishing Group. (b) POH MZM with metal-insulator-metal plasmonic slot waveguide. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [12]. Copyright 2015, Nature Publishing Group. (c) All-plasmonic MZM using a single metal layer without the silicon waveguide. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [38]. Copyright 2017, Nature Publishing Group. (d) Low-loss plasmonic electro-optic ring modulator. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [40]. Copyright 2018, Nature Publishing Group.

Fig. 8.  (Color online) (a) Beyond 500 GHz POH MZM used for sub-THz microwave photonics. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [41]. Copyright 2019. American Institute of Physics. (b) 222 GBd on-off-keying transmitter based on POH MZM. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [80]. Copyright 2020. Optical Society of America. (c) Compact IQ electro-optic modulator operated with sub-1-V driving electronics. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [42]. Copyright 2019. Nature Publishing Group. (d) Symbol rates 100 GBd monolithically integrated electro-optical transmitter based on POH MZM. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [44]. Copyright 2020. Nature Publishing Group.

Table 1.   The MZM on various EO platforms with operating principle of Pockels effect. The best result reported is given in parenthesis.

Platform3-dB EO bandwidth (GHz)Vπ (V)Footprint (mm)Loss (dB/cm)
SOH>60 (76 [75])0.21 V [34]<1~20 (22 [83])
POH>100 (500 [41])4.8 V [24]<0.02~500 (400[12])
PCOH78 [70]0.94[73]~0.3~200[73]
LNOI>67 (110[81])1.4 [81]5–20~0.3
LN/Si70 (106 [82])5.1 [15]>5~1 (0.98 [15])
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    Received: 06 April 2022 Revised: 13 May 2022 Online: Accepted Manuscript: 26 July 2022Uncorrected proof: 27 July 2022Published: 01 October 2022

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      Yan Wang, Tongtong Liu, Jiangyi Liu, Chuanbo Li, Zhuo Chen, Shuhui Bo. Organic electro-optic polymer materials and organic-based hybrid electro-optic modulators[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2022, 43(10): 101301. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/43/10/101301 ****Y Wang, T T Liu, J Y Liu, C B Li, Z Chen, S H Bo. Organic electro-optic polymer materials and organic-based hybrid electro-optic modulators[J]. J. Semicond, 2022, 43(10): 101301. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/43/10/101301
      Citation:
      Yan Wang, Tongtong Liu, Jiangyi Liu, Chuanbo Li, Zhuo Chen, Shuhui Bo. Organic electro-optic polymer materials and organic-based hybrid electro-optic modulators[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2022, 43(10): 101301. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/43/10/101301 ****
      Y Wang, T T Liu, J Y Liu, C B Li, Z Chen, S H Bo. Organic electro-optic polymer materials and organic-based hybrid electro-optic modulators[J]. J. Semicond, 2022, 43(10): 101301. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/43/10/101301

      Organic electro-optic polymer materials and organic-based hybrid electro-optic modulators

      DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/43/10/101301
      • 1.

        Optoelectronics Research Centre, School of Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China

      • 2.

        Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China

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      • Yan Wang：got his BS from Tianjin University of Technology in 2019. Now he is a master degree candidate in Minzu University of China under the supervision of Prof. Shuhui Bo. His research interest is electro-optic modulator of organic polymer materials
      • Zhuo Chen：received his Ph.D. degree from Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, in 2011. He is currently a research associate in Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, CAS. His research interests include organic electro-optic materials, micro-nano optical devices
      • Shuhui Bo：received her Ph.D. degree from Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, in 2008. She is currently a professor in Optoelectronics Research Centre, Minzu University of China. Her research interests include organic electro-optic materials and organic-based modulators
      • Corresponding author: chenzhuo@mail.ipc.ac.cn; boshuhui@muc.edu.cn
      • Received Date: 2022-04-06
      • Revised Date: 2022-05-13
        • Available Online: 2022-07-26

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