Ion migration in perovskite solar cells

Xiaoxue Ren; Lixiu Zhang; Yongbo Yuan; Liming Ding

doi:10.1088/1674-4926/42/1/010201

J. Semicond. > 2021, Volume 42?>?Issue 1?> 010201

RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS

Ion migration in perovskite solar cells

Xiaoxue Ren^{1, ?}, Lixiu Zhang^{2, 3, ?}, Yongbo Yuan^1, and Liming Ding^{2, 3,}

+ Author Affiliations

1. Hunan Key Laboratory of Super Microstructure and Ultrafast Process, School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
2. Center for Excellence in Nanoscience (CAS), Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication (CAS), National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
3. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
?These authors contributed equally to this work.

Author Bio:

Xiaoxue Ren got her BS from Xinjiang University in 2019. Now she is a MS student at Central South University under the supervision of Prof. Yongbo Yuan. Her research interests focus on perovskite solar cells.

Lixiu Zhang got her BS from Soochow University in 2019. Now she is a PhD student at University of Chinese Academy of Sciences under the supervision of Prof. Liming Ding. Her research focuses on organic solar cells and perovskite solar cells.

Yongbo Yuan got his BS degree in 2004 and PhD degree in 2009 at Zhongshan University. Then he joined Jinsong Huang Group at University of Nebraska-Lincoln as a postdoc. In March 2016, he joined Central South University as a full professor. His research interests include perovskite/polymer solar cells, organic thin-film transistors and photodetectors.

Liming Ding got his PhD from University of Science and Technology of China (was a joint student at Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, CAS). He started his research on OSCs and PLEDs in Olle Ingan?s Lab in 1998. Later on, he worked at National Center for Polymer Research, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base and Argonne National Lab (USA). He joined Konarka as a Senior Scientist in 2008. In 2010, he joined National Center for Nanoscience and Technology as a full professor. His research focuses on functional materials and devices.

Corresponding author: Yongbo Yuan, Email addresses: yuanyb@csu.edu.cn (Y. Yuan); Liming Ding, ding@nanoctr.cn (L. Ding)

DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/42/1/010201

References

[1]	Snaith H J, Abate A, Ball J M, et al. Anomalous hysteresis in perovskite solar cells. J Phys Chem Lett, 2014, 5, 1511 doi: 10.1021/jz500113x
[2]	Xiao Z, Yuan Y, Shao Y, et al. Giant switchable photovoltaic effect in organometal trihalide perovskite devices. Nat Mater, 2015, 14, 193 doi: 10.1038/nmat4150
[3]	Eames C, Frost J M, Barnes P R, et al. Ionic transport in hybrid lead iodide perovskite solar cells. Nat Commun, 2015, 6, 7497 doi: 10.1038/ncomms8497
[4]	Azpiroz J M, Mosconi E, Bisquert J, et al. Defect migration in methylammonium lead iodide and its role in perovskite solar cell operation. Energy Environ Sci, 2015, 8, 2118 doi: 10.1039/c5ee01265a
[5]	Yuan Y, Chae J, Shao Y, et al. Photovoltaic switching mechanism in lateral structure hybrid perovskite solar cells. Adv Energy Mater, 2015, 5, 1500615 doi: 10.1002/aenm.201500615
[6]	Li C, Tscheuschner S, Paulus F, et al. Iodine migration and its effect on hysteresis in perovskite solar cells. Adv Mater, 2016, 28, 2446 doi: 10.1002/adma.201503832
[7]	Li Z, Xiao C, Yang Y, et al. Extrinsic ion migration in perovskite solar cells. Energy Environ Sci, 2017, 10, 1234 doi: 10.1039/C7EE00358G
[8]	Yuan Y B, Li T, Wang Q, et al. Anomalous photovoltaic effect in organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells. Sci Adv, 2017, 3, e1602164 doi: 10.1126/sciadv.1602164
[9]	Xu J, Buin A, Ip A H, et al. Perovskite–fullerene hybrid materials suppress hysteresis in planar diodes. Nat Commun, 2015, 6, 7081 doi: 10.1038/ncomms8081
[10]	Shao Y C, Fang Y J, Li T, et al. Grain boundary dominated ion migration in polycrystalline organic-inorganic halide perovskite films. Energy Environ Sci, 2016, 9, 1752 doi: 10.1039/C6EE00413J
[11]	Yuan Y, Wang Q, Shao Y, et al. Electric-field-driven reversible conversion between methylammonium lead triiodide perovskites and lead iodide at elevated temperatures. Adv Energy Mater, 2016, 6, 1501803 doi: 10.1002/aenm.201501803
[12]	Hoke E T, Slotcavage D J, Dohner E R, et al. Reversible photo-induced trap formation in mixed-halide hybrid perovskites for photovoltaics. Chem Sci, 2015, 6, 613 doi: 10.1039/C4SC03141E
[13]	Zhang H, Fu X, Tang Y, et al. Phase segregation due to ion migration in all-inorganic mixed-halide perovskite nanocrystals. Nat Commun, 2019, 10, 1088 doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-09047-7
[14]	Kato Y, Ono L K, Lee M V, et al. Silver iodide formation in methyl ammonium lead iodide perovskite solar cells with silver top electrodes. Adv Mater Interfaces, 2015, 2, 1500195 doi: 10.1002/admi.201500195
[15]	deQuilettes D W, Zhang W, Burlakov V M, et al. Photo-induced halide redistribution in organic-inorganic perovskite films. Nat Commun, 2016, 7, 11683 doi: 10.1038/ncomms11683
[16]	Motti S G, Meggiolaro D, Barker A J, et al. Controlling competing photochemical reactions stabilizes perovskite solar cells. Nat Photonics, 2019, 13, 532 doi: 10.1038/s41566-019-0435-1
[17]	Wang Y B, Wu T H, Barbaud J, et al. Stabilizing heterostructures of soft perovskite semiconductors. Science, 2019, 365, 687 doi: 10.1126/science.aax8018
[18]	Lin Y, Bai Y, Fang Y J, et al. Suppressed ion migration in low-dimensional perovskites. Acs Energy Lett, 2017, 2, 1571 doi: 10.1021/acsenergylett.7b00442
[19]	Liu Y, Akin S, Pan L, et al. Ultrahydrophobic 3D/2D fluoroarene bilayer-based water-resistant perovskite solar cells with efficiencies exceeding 22%. Sci Adv, 2019, 5, eaaw2543 doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aaw2543
[20]	Wei D, Ma F, Wang R, et al. Ion-migration inhibition by the cation-π interaction in perovskite materials for efficient and stable perovskite solar cells. Adv Mater, 2018, 30, e1707583 doi: 10.1002/adma.201707583
[21]	Zhao J, Deng Y, Wei H, et al. Strained hybrid perovskite thin films and their impact on the intrinsic stability of perovskite solar cells. Sci Adv, 2017, 30, eaao5616 doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aao5616

Fig. 1. (Color online) (a) Giant switchable photocurrent curve in a non-selective contact structured device. Reproduced with permission^[2], Copyright 2014, Nature Publishing Group. (b) Schematic representation of ion migration in a perovskite solar cell when applying forward (left) and reverse bias (right). Reproduced with permission^[2], Copyright 2014, Nature Publishing Group. (c) The possible migrating paths for I vacancies, MA vacancies, Pb vacancies and I interstitial defects. Reproduced with permission^[4], Copyright 2015, The Royal Society of Chemistry. (d) Schematic diagrams indicating the influence of vacancy drift on the band energies of a p–i–n device at short circuit^[3].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

Fig. 2. (Color online) (a) The 200 XRD peak of an x = 0.6 film before (black) and after (red) white-light soaking for 5 minutes at ~50 mW/cm². XRD patterns of an x = 0.2 film (dashed green) and an x = 0.7 film (dashed brown) are included for comparison. Reproduced with permission^[12], Copyright 2015, Royal Society of Chemistry. (b) Proposed mechanism of photo-induced cleaning by halide redistribution. Reproduced with permission^[15], Copyright 2016, Nature Publishing Group. (c) (d) Photoluminescence enhancement and quenching mechanisms. (c) Ion dynamics in MAPbI₃ thin film promoting PLIE, when the probability of I⁰ species encounters is small and Frenkel pair annihilation is boosted by electron trapping, and PLID (d) when the probability of I⁰ species encounters is high, boosting I₂ molecule formation. (c/d) Reproduced with permission^[16], Copyright 2019, Nature Publishing Group.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

[1]	Snaith H J, Abate A, Ball J M, et al. Anomalous hysteresis in perovskite solar cells. J Phys Chem Lett, 2014, 5, 1511 doi: 10.1021/jz500113x
[2]	Xiao Z, Yuan Y, Shao Y, et al. Giant switchable photovoltaic effect in organometal trihalide perovskite devices. Nat Mater, 2015, 14, 193 doi: 10.1038/nmat4150
[3]	Eames C, Frost J M, Barnes P R, et al. Ionic transport in hybrid lead iodide perovskite solar cells. Nat Commun, 2015, 6, 7497 doi: 10.1038/ncomms8497
[4]	Azpiroz J M, Mosconi E, Bisquert J, et al. Defect migration in methylammonium lead iodide and its role in perovskite solar cell operation. Energy Environ Sci, 2015, 8, 2118 doi: 10.1039/c5ee01265a
[5]	Yuan Y, Chae J, Shao Y, et al. Photovoltaic switching mechanism in lateral structure hybrid perovskite solar cells. Adv Energy Mater, 2015, 5, 1500615 doi: 10.1002/aenm.201500615
[6]	Li C, Tscheuschner S, Paulus F, et al. Iodine migration and its effect on hysteresis in perovskite solar cells. Adv Mater, 2016, 28, 2446 doi: 10.1002/adma.201503832
[7]	Li Z, Xiao C, Yang Y, et al. Extrinsic ion migration in perovskite solar cells. Energy Environ Sci, 2017, 10, 1234 doi: 10.1039/C7EE00358G
[8]	Yuan Y B, Li T, Wang Q, et al. Anomalous photovoltaic effect in organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells. Sci Adv, 2017, 3, e1602164 doi: 10.1126/sciadv.1602164
[9]	Xu J, Buin A, Ip A H, et al. Perovskite–fullerene hybrid materials suppress hysteresis in planar diodes. Nat Commun, 2015, 6, 7081 doi: 10.1038/ncomms8081
[10]	Shao Y C, Fang Y J, Li T, et al. Grain boundary dominated ion migration in polycrystalline organic-inorganic halide perovskite films. Energy Environ Sci, 2016, 9, 1752 doi: 10.1039/C6EE00413J
[11]	Yuan Y, Wang Q, Shao Y, et al. Electric-field-driven reversible conversion between methylammonium lead triiodide perovskites and lead iodide at elevated temperatures. Adv Energy Mater, 2016, 6, 1501803 doi: 10.1002/aenm.201501803
[12]	Hoke E T, Slotcavage D J, Dohner E R, et al. Reversible photo-induced trap formation in mixed-halide hybrid perovskites for photovoltaics. Chem Sci, 2015, 6, 613 doi: 10.1039/C4SC03141E
[13]	Zhang H, Fu X, Tang Y, et al. Phase segregation due to ion migration in all-inorganic mixed-halide perovskite nanocrystals. Nat Commun, 2019, 10, 1088 doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-09047-7
[14]	Kato Y, Ono L K, Lee M V, et al. Silver iodide formation in methyl ammonium lead iodide perovskite solar cells with silver top electrodes. Adv Mater Interfaces, 2015, 2, 1500195 doi: 10.1002/admi.201500195
[15]	deQuilettes D W, Zhang W, Burlakov V M, et al. Photo-induced halide redistribution in organic-inorganic perovskite films. Nat Commun, 2016, 7, 11683 doi: 10.1038/ncomms11683
[16]	Motti S G, Meggiolaro D, Barker A J, et al. Controlling competing photochemical reactions stabilizes perovskite solar cells. Nat Photonics, 2019, 13, 532 doi: 10.1038/s41566-019-0435-1
[17]	Wang Y B, Wu T H, Barbaud J, et al. Stabilizing heterostructures of soft perovskite semiconductors. Science, 2019, 365, 687 doi: 10.1126/science.aax8018
[18]	Lin Y, Bai Y, Fang Y J, et al. Suppressed ion migration in low-dimensional perovskites. Acs Energy Lett, 2017, 2, 1571 doi: 10.1021/acsenergylett.7b00442
[19]	Liu Y, Akin S, Pan L, et al. Ultrahydrophobic 3D/2D fluoroarene bilayer-based water-resistant perovskite solar cells with efficiencies exceeding 22%. Sci Adv, 2019, 5, eaaw2543 doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aaw2543
[20]	Wei D, Ma F, Wang R, et al. Ion-migration inhibition by the cation-π interaction in perovskite materials for efficient and stable perovskite solar cells. Adv Mater, 2018, 30, e1707583 doi: 10.1002/adma.201707583
[21]	Zhao J, Deng Y, Wei H, et al. Strained hybrid perovskite thin films and their impact on the intrinsic stability of perovskite solar cells. Sci Adv, 2017, 30, eaao5616 doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aao5616