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J. Semicond. > 2016, Volume 37?>?Issue 12?> 123002

SEMICONDUCTOR MATERIALS

Nanoplasmonic-gold-cylinder-array-enhanced terahertz source

Zhiguang Ao, Jinhai Sun, He Cai, Guofeng Song, Jiakun Song, Yuzhi Song and Yun Xu

+ Author Affiliations

 Corresponding author: Xu Yun, Email:xuyun@semi.ac.cn

DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/37/12/123002

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Abstract: Photoconductive antennas (PCAs) based on nanoplasmonic gratings contact electrodes have been proposed to satisfy the demand for high power, efficiency and responsivity terahertz (THz) sources. Reducing the average photo-generated carrier transport path to the photoconductor contact electrodes was previously considered the dominant mechanism to improve PCAs' power. However, considering the bias in a real device, the electric field between gratings is limited and the role of surface plasmonic resonance (SPR) field enhancement is more important in improving THz radiation. This paper, based on SPR, analyzes the interaction between incident light and substrate in nano cylinder array PCAs and clearly shows that the SPR can enhance the light absorption in the substrate. After the optimization of the structure size, the proposed structure can offer 87% optical transmission into GaAs substrate. Compared with conventional PCAs, the optical transmission into the substrate will increase 5.8 times and the enhancement factor of substrate absorption will reach 13.7 respectively.

Key words: THz sources, PCAs, SPR, plasmonic grating contact electrode, optical-THz conversion efficiency



[1]
Tonouchi M. Cutting-edge terahertz technology. Nat Photon, 2007, 1: 97 doi: 10.1038/nphoton.2007.3
[2]
Ferguson B, Zhang X C. Materials for terahertz science and technology. Nat Mater, 2002, 1: 26 doi: 10.1038/nmat708
[3]
Hu B B, Nuss M C. Imaging with terahertz waves. Opt Lett, 1995, 20: 1716 doi: 10.1364/OL.20.001716
[4]
Han S P, Ko H, Kim N, et al. Real-time continuous-wave terahertz line scanner based on 1×240 InGaAs Schottky barrier diode array detector. Opt Express, 2014, 22: 28977 doi: 10.1364/OE.22.028977
[5]
Moon K, Kim N, Shin J H, et al. Continuous-wave terahertz system based on a dual-mode laser for real-time non-contact measurement of thickness and conductivity. Opt Express. 2014, 22: 2259 doi: 10.1364/OE.22.002259
[6]
Lee I M, Kim N, Lee E S, et al. Frequency modulation based continuous-wave terahertz homodyne system. Opt Express, 2015, 23: 846 doi: 10.1364/OE.23.000846
[7]
Pickwell E, Wallace V P. Biomedical applications of terahertz technology. J Phys D, 2006, 39: R301 doi: 10.1088/0022-3727/39/17/R01
[8]
Federici J F, Schulkin B, Huang F, et al. THz imaging and sensing for security applications-explosives, weapons and drugs. Semicond Sci Technol, 2005, 20: S266 doi: 10.1088/0268-1242/20/7/018
[9]
Rodriguez G, Caceres S R, Taylor A J. Modeling of terahertz radiation from biased photoconductors: transient velocity effects. Opt Lett, 1994, 19: 1994 doi: 10.1364/OL.19.001994
[10]
Rodriguez G, Taylor A J. Screening of the bias field in terahertz generation from photoconductors. Opt Lett, 1996, 21: 1046 doi: 10.1364/OL.21.001046
[11]
Jepsen P U, Jacobsen R H, Keiding S R. Generation and detection of terahertz pulses from biased semiconductor antennas. J Opt Soc Am B, 1996, 13: 2424 doi: 10.1364/JOSAB.13.002424
[12]
Heshmat B, Pahlevaninezhad H, Pang Y, et al. Nanoplasmonic terahertz photoconductive switch on GaAs. Nano Lett, 2012, 12: 6255 doi: 10.1021/nl303314a
[13]
Park S G, Jin K H, Yi M, et al. Enhancement of terahertz pulse emission by optical nanoantenna. ACS Nano, 2012, 6: 2026 doi: 10.1021/nn204542x
[14]
Berry C W, Wang N, Hashemi M R, et al. Significant performance enhancement in photoconductive terahertz optoelectronics by incorporating plasmonic contact electrodes. Nat Comm, 2013, 4: 1622 doi: 10.1038/ncomms2638
[15]
Yang S H, Hashemi M R, Berry C W, et al. 7.5% optical-to-terahertz conversion efficiency offered by photoconductive emitters with three-dimensional plasmonic contact electrodes. IEEE Trans Terahertz Sci Technol, 2014, 4: 575 doi: 10.1109/TTHZ.2014.2342505
[16]
Jooshesh A, Smith L, Masnadi-Shirazi M, et al. Nanoplasmonics enhanced terahertz sources. Opt Express, 2014, 22: 27992 doi: 10.1364/OE.22.027992
[17]
Berry C W, Jarrahi M. Terahertz generation using plasmonic photoconductive gratings. New J Phys, 2012, 14(10): 105029 doi: 10.1088/1367-2630/14/10/105029
[18]
Moon K, Lee I M, Shin J H, et al. Bias field tailored plasmonic nanoelectrode for high-power terahertz photonic devices. Sci Rep, 2015, 5: 13817 doi: 10.1038/srep13817
[19]
Burford N, El-Shenawee M. Computational modeling of plasmonic thin-film terahertz photoconductive antennas. J Opt Soc America B, 2016, 33(4): 748 doi: 10.1364/JOSAB.33.000748
[20]
Lee Y S, Lee Y S, Lee Y S, et al. Principles of terahertz science and technology. Berlin: Springer, 2009
[21]
Ebbesen T W, Lezec H J, Ghaemi H F, et al. Extraordinary optical transmission through sub-wavelength hole arrays. Nature, 1998, 391(6668): 667 doi: 10.1038/35570
[22]
Fang Z, Lin C, Ma R, et al. Planar plasmonic focusing and optical transport using CdS nanoribbon. Acs Nano, 2010, 4(1): 75 doi: 10.1021/nn900729n
[23]
Bao Yanjun, Hu Zhijian, Li Ziwei, et al. Magnetic plasmonic Fano resonance at optical frequency. Small, 2015, 11(18): 2177 doi: 10.1002/smll.v11.18
[24]
Kim T J, Thio T, Ebbesen T W, et al. Control of optical transmission through metals perforated with subwavelength hole arrays. Opt Lett, 1999, 24(4): 256 doi: 10.1364/OL.24.000256
[25]
Shen Y C, Upadhya P C, Linfield E H, et al. Ultrabroadband terahertz radiation from low-temperature-grown GaAs photoconductive emitters. Appl Phys Lett, 2003, 83(15): 3117 doi: 10.1063/1.1619223
[26]
Palik E D. Handbook of optical constants of solids. Part II. Academic Press, 1985, 33(1): 189
[27]
Adachi S. Optical constants of crystalline and amorphous semiconductors. Material Und Organismen, 1998, 88(4): 953 http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/bfm%3A978-1-4615-5247-5%2F1.pdf
[28]
Rubén D V R, Bikorimana S, Ummy M A, et al. A bow-tie photoconductive antenna using a low-temperature-grown GaAs thin-film on a silicon substrate for terahertz wave generation and detection. J Opt, 2015, 17(12): 167 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283671046_A_bow-tie_photoconductive_antenna_using_a_low-temperature-grown_GaAs_thin-film_on_a_silicon_substrate_for_terahertz_wave_generation_and_detection
Fig. 1.  (a) Schematic diagram of the typical plasmonic photoconductive emitter on a GaAs substrate. (b) Top view of plasmonic photoconductive emitter. Dashed 1 is the gratings region, dashed 2 is the space between electrodes.

Fig. 2.  (Color online) (a) Schematic diagram of arrayed cylinder photo-conductive antenna (PCA). The metal cylinder is fabricated over the full photoconductive area to locally enhance the absorption of the pulsed pump beam. This absorption increases photocarrier generation and THz pulse emission from the PCA. (b) Changing the radius (r) of Au and period (p) of the array will change the transmission of the nano structure.

Fig. 3.  (Color online) The electric field distribution diagram. (a) structure without nano Au array. (b) structure with arrayed Au cylinder. Optical beam is concentrated near the corners of the Au cylinder and confined the interface between Au and substrate.

Fig. 4.  The diagram shows theenhancement factor of the absorption of proposed structure. (a) displays the enhancement factor (EF) of the substrate absorption when the gap between Au is 200 nm. (b) displays the EF of the substrate absorption when the diameter of Au is 300 nm. Conventional PCAs are set as a reference, and the enhancement factors of absorption efficiency depend on the specific structure. The max enhancement factor can reach 13.7 times when diameter D 300 nm.

Fig. 5.  (a) The measured THz radiation. (b) The fast Fourier transform (FFT) of the measured THz.

Table 1.   The gap between Au is 200 nm.

Table 2.   Diameter is set at 300 nm.
[1]
Tonouchi M. Cutting-edge terahertz technology. Nat Photon, 2007, 1: 97 doi: 10.1038/nphoton.2007.3
[2]
Ferguson B, Zhang X C. Materials for terahertz science and technology. Nat Mater, 2002, 1: 26 doi: 10.1038/nmat708
[3]
Hu B B, Nuss M C. Imaging with terahertz waves. Opt Lett, 1995, 20: 1716 doi: 10.1364/OL.20.001716
[4]
Han S P, Ko H, Kim N, et al. Real-time continuous-wave terahertz line scanner based on 1×240 InGaAs Schottky barrier diode array detector. Opt Express, 2014, 22: 28977 doi: 10.1364/OE.22.028977
[5]
Moon K, Kim N, Shin J H, et al. Continuous-wave terahertz system based on a dual-mode laser for real-time non-contact measurement of thickness and conductivity. Opt Express. 2014, 22: 2259 doi: 10.1364/OE.22.002259
[6]
Lee I M, Kim N, Lee E S, et al. Frequency modulation based continuous-wave terahertz homodyne system. Opt Express, 2015, 23: 846 doi: 10.1364/OE.23.000846
[7]
Pickwell E, Wallace V P. Biomedical applications of terahertz technology. J Phys D, 2006, 39: R301 doi: 10.1088/0022-3727/39/17/R01
[8]
Federici J F, Schulkin B, Huang F, et al. THz imaging and sensing for security applications-explosives, weapons and drugs. Semicond Sci Technol, 2005, 20: S266 doi: 10.1088/0268-1242/20/7/018
[9]
Rodriguez G, Caceres S R, Taylor A J. Modeling of terahertz radiation from biased photoconductors: transient velocity effects. Opt Lett, 1994, 19: 1994 doi: 10.1364/OL.19.001994
[10]
Rodriguez G, Taylor A J. Screening of the bias field in terahertz generation from photoconductors. Opt Lett, 1996, 21: 1046 doi: 10.1364/OL.21.001046
[11]
Jepsen P U, Jacobsen R H, Keiding S R. Generation and detection of terahertz pulses from biased semiconductor antennas. J Opt Soc Am B, 1996, 13: 2424 doi: 10.1364/JOSAB.13.002424
[12]
Heshmat B, Pahlevaninezhad H, Pang Y, et al. Nanoplasmonic terahertz photoconductive switch on GaAs. Nano Lett, 2012, 12: 6255 doi: 10.1021/nl303314a
[13]
Park S G, Jin K H, Yi M, et al. Enhancement of terahertz pulse emission by optical nanoantenna. ACS Nano, 2012, 6: 2026 doi: 10.1021/nn204542x
[14]
Berry C W, Wang N, Hashemi M R, et al. Significant performance enhancement in photoconductive terahertz optoelectronics by incorporating plasmonic contact electrodes. Nat Comm, 2013, 4: 1622 doi: 10.1038/ncomms2638
[15]
Yang S H, Hashemi M R, Berry C W, et al. 7.5% optical-to-terahertz conversion efficiency offered by photoconductive emitters with three-dimensional plasmonic contact electrodes. IEEE Trans Terahertz Sci Technol, 2014, 4: 575 doi: 10.1109/TTHZ.2014.2342505
[16]
Jooshesh A, Smith L, Masnadi-Shirazi M, et al. Nanoplasmonics enhanced terahertz sources. Opt Express, 2014, 22: 27992 doi: 10.1364/OE.22.027992
[17]
Berry C W, Jarrahi M. Terahertz generation using plasmonic photoconductive gratings. New J Phys, 2012, 14(10): 105029 doi: 10.1088/1367-2630/14/10/105029
[18]
Moon K, Lee I M, Shin J H, et al. Bias field tailored plasmonic nanoelectrode for high-power terahertz photonic devices. Sci Rep, 2015, 5: 13817 doi: 10.1038/srep13817
[19]
Burford N, El-Shenawee M. Computational modeling of plasmonic thin-film terahertz photoconductive antennas. J Opt Soc America B, 2016, 33(4): 748 doi: 10.1364/JOSAB.33.000748
[20]
Lee Y S, Lee Y S, Lee Y S, et al. Principles of terahertz science and technology. Berlin: Springer, 2009
[21]
Ebbesen T W, Lezec H J, Ghaemi H F, et al. Extraordinary optical transmission through sub-wavelength hole arrays. Nature, 1998, 391(6668): 667 doi: 10.1038/35570
[22]
Fang Z, Lin C, Ma R, et al. Planar plasmonic focusing and optical transport using CdS nanoribbon. Acs Nano, 2010, 4(1): 75 doi: 10.1021/nn900729n
[23]
Bao Yanjun, Hu Zhijian, Li Ziwei, et al. Magnetic plasmonic Fano resonance at optical frequency. Small, 2015, 11(18): 2177 doi: 10.1002/smll.v11.18
[24]
Kim T J, Thio T, Ebbesen T W, et al. Control of optical transmission through metals perforated with subwavelength hole arrays. Opt Lett, 1999, 24(4): 256 doi: 10.1364/OL.24.000256
[25]
Shen Y C, Upadhya P C, Linfield E H, et al. Ultrabroadband terahertz radiation from low-temperature-grown GaAs photoconductive emitters. Appl Phys Lett, 2003, 83(15): 3117 doi: 10.1063/1.1619223
[26]
Palik E D. Handbook of optical constants of solids. Part II. Academic Press, 1985, 33(1): 189
[27]
Adachi S. Optical constants of crystalline and amorphous semiconductors. Material Und Organismen, 1998, 88(4): 953 http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/bfm%3A978-1-4615-5247-5%2F1.pdf
[28]
Rubén D V R, Bikorimana S, Ummy M A, et al. A bow-tie photoconductive antenna using a low-temperature-grown GaAs thin-film on a silicon substrate for terahertz wave generation and detection. J Opt, 2015, 17(12): 167 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283671046_A_bow-tie_photoconductive_antenna_using_a_low-temperature-grown_GaAs_thin-film_on_a_silicon_substrate_for_terahertz_wave_generation_and_detection

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    Received: 16 May 2016 Revised: 07 June 2016 Online: Published: 01 December 2016

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      Zhiguang Ao, Jinhai Sun, He Cai, Guofeng Song, Jiakun Song, Yuzhi Song, Yun Xu. Nanoplasmonic-gold-cylinder-array-enhanced terahertz source[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2016, 37(12): 123002. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/37/12/123002 ****Z G Ao, J H Sun, H Cai, G F Song, J K Song, Y Z Song, Y Xu. Nanoplasmonic-gold-cylinder-array-enhanced terahertz source[J]. J. Semicond., 2016, 37(12): 123002. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/37/12/123002.
      Citation:
      Zhiguang Ao, Jinhai Sun, He Cai, Guofeng Song, Jiakun Song, Yuzhi Song, Yun Xu. Nanoplasmonic-gold-cylinder-array-enhanced terahertz source[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2016, 37(12): 123002. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/37/12/123002 ****
      Z G Ao, J H Sun, H Cai, G F Song, J K Song, Y Z Song, Y Xu. Nanoplasmonic-gold-cylinder-array-enhanced terahertz source[J]. J. Semicond., 2016, 37(12): 123002. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/37/12/123002.

      Nanoplasmonic-gold-cylinder-array-enhanced terahertz source

      DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/37/12/123002

      • Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, ChinaScience and Technology on Electromagnetic Scattering Laboratory, Beijing 100854, China

      Funds:

      the National Key Research Program of China 2011ZX01015-001

      roject supported by the National Basic Research Program of China 2015CB351902

      Project supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (Nos. 2015CB351902, 2015CB932402), the National Key Research Program of China (No. 2011ZX01015-001), and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. U143231)

      roject supported by the National Basic Research Program of China 2015CB932402

      and the National Natural Science Foundation of China U143231

      More Information
      • Corresponding author: Xu Yun, Email:xuyun@semi.ac.cn
      • Received Date: 2016-05-16
      • Revised Date: 2016-06-07
      • Published Date: 2016-12-01

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